Business Law for Australian Taxation Administration- myassignmenthelp

Question: Examine about thBusiness Law for Australian Taxation Administration. Answer: What is the job of an ATO as an official body? According to the given case, Ms Anstis has guaranteed a finding in the annual assessment payable against her childhood remittance salary. The ATO has denied furnishing her with such reasonings. Ms Anstis documented under the watchful eye of the government court of Australia and got a request for her. The ATO recorded an intrigue under the steady gaze of the High Court of Australia. The Australian Taxation Administration is managing charge framework in Australia. According to the TA Act 1953, the ATO goes about as the official body under the enactment and direct the conduct of the citizens in the nation. The Australian Taxation Office is the principle income assortment body of the Australian government. The ATO is the legal body of the administration who has been given the force under the Australian Taxation Administration Act, 1953 to gather charges in various assessment framework inside the nation (Alghamdi et al 2016). The ATO has the duty to execute and actualize the expense framework inside the nation and some other issue identified with tax collection and assortment of government income inside the nation. As an official body the ATO is to execute, actualize and manage the expense framework inside the nation and control the conduct of duty defaulters and dodgers in the nation (Vann 2016). Does it make law? The ATO is an official body shaped under the Taxation Administration Act of the nation. The parliament has given authority under the Act to figure certain approaches and guidelines for the everyday smooth running of the tax assessment framework in the nation (Tran-Nam and Walpole 2016). ATO doesn't make legal establishments however has the ability to make rules and guidelines under the tax assessment framework in Australia. ATO connects with and includes with other tax collection divisions on strategy matters identifying with assessment and extract. The ATO has been allowed with power by the administration to teach the OPC to get ready enactment which the ATO considers fit and important to manage the tax collection framework inside Australia (Braithwaite 2017). How does this case mirror the communication of the various bodies under the partition of forces convention? According to the given realities of the case there is an association of all the three levels of the administration. The three levels of the administration are the council, the official and the legal executive. The Australian Federal Parliament and the state lawmaking body are the authoritative body that makes laws on the tax assessment framework inside the nation (Smith et al 2016). The ATO is been assigned with the intensity of overseeing and regulating the tax collection framework inside the nation. The ATO is the official body of the three level arrangement of the legislature. Though the Federal Court of Australia and the High Court is the legal body of the nation who choose matters in question. In this given case, the ATO has capacity to decide the assessment framework and High Court has the ability to decipher the laws made by the parliament. Consequently every one of the three levels are independent from one another. Be that as it may, every one of the three levels of the admin istration has something regular to each to keep a check n the forces of other body. According to the case, here the legal executive by deciphering the law has beware of utilizing the total force on the general individuals of the nation (Long Campbell and Kelshaw 2016). What is the criticalness of the High Court choice as far as duty law as it is applied inside Australia? The hugeness of the High Courts choice on the given case is that the High Court has the ability to establish that the lower court has given the proper judgment according to the realities of the case. Reference: Alghamdi, A. what's more, Rahim, M., 2016. Improvement of a Measurement Scale for User Satisfaction with E-charge Systems in Australia. InTransactions on Large-Scale Data-and Knowledge-Centered Systems XXVII(pp. 64-83). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Vann, R.J., 2016. Crossover Entities in Australia: Resource Capital Fund III LP Case. Tran-Nam, B. what's more, Walpole, M., 2016. Duty debates, suit expenses and access to burden justice.eJournal of Tax Research,14(2), p.319. Braithwaite, V. ed., 2017.Taxing popular government: Understanding duty shirking and avoidance. Routledge. Smith, F., Smillie, K., Fitzsimons, J., Lindsay, B., Wells, G., Marles, V., Hutchinson, J., OHara, B., Perrigo, T. what's more, Atkinson, I., 2016. Changes required to the Australian duty framework to improve biodiversity protection on private land.Environmental and arranging law journal,33(5), pp.443-450. Long, B., Campbell, J. what's more, Kelshaw, C., 2016. The equity focal point on tax collection strategy in Australia.St Mark's Review, (235), p.94.

Additional Aircraft Feasibility Study :: Essays Papers

Extra Aircraft Feasibility Study Introduction I have been the head avionics division supervisor of First North Bank since 1985. This bank has branches in Waterloo, IA; Springfield, MO; Fayetteville, AK; and Colorado Springs, CO. For as long as 12 years the organization has been working an eight traveler King Air B-200 that at present has 2500 flying hours on the edge. First North Bank has as of late procured Banks R Us (most likely due to the unpleasant name) and will grow their tasks significantly. They will be changing the name of Banks R Us to the First North Bank name at the accompanying areas: Madison, WI; Wilmington, NC; Lakeland, FL; Amarillo, TX; and Medford, OR. I have now been alloted by my CEO to do a possibility study to decide whether the expansion of an airplane will profit the organization. Presentation The reason for this examination is to decide the achievability of adding extra airplane to the enterprises flying office. This examination will present what airplane the organization is as of now utilizing, how it is being utilized, and the present structure of the avionics division. A nitty gritty investigation will be introduced on the costs and expenses of every airplane just as a suggestion of what airplane ought to be bought or rented. A recently evolved structure of the flight division will be introduced alongside another suggested arrangement for the utilization of the airplane. The examination will at that point close with a summarize of the considerable number of proposals. Current Aircraft The organization is presently working a 1985 Beechcraft King Air B-200. This airplane is a propeller fly airplane. The meaning of a propeller stream airplane is that the motor is a fly that drives a propeller. The propellers turn at a steady rate and speed changes are made by modifying the point of the propeller. The airplane seats eight travelers to incorporate the pilot’s seat. The whole airplane is in generally excellent condition with just 2500 flight hours on it and has the capability of providing a lot more long periods of difficulty free help with appropriate maintainace. The presentation charteristiccs of this airplane is as per the following: Beech King Air B200 Characteristics PERFORMANCE U.S. METRIC Max Cruise Speed (336 mph) 292 kt 541 kph Ensured Ceiling 35,000 ft 10,668 m

Second Chances to Make a Sure Thing Essay Example

Renewed opportunities to Make a Sure Thing Essay The imagery of the chime implying a new beginning, a genuine opportunity to have a fresh start and make your own fate, was splendid in my eyes. One of my preferred lines in the play was certainly when Bill stated, You need to hit these things at the correct second or its awful (1121). Sure Thing by David Ives The Play Sure Thing from David Ives looks at the unlimited varieties of kid meet young lady and the following conversation starters. The focal subject all through the play shows a couple of assortments of a potential discussion that end with a ringing ringer that represents a new beginning and another opportunity to establish a decent connection. The quick discussions start in a café with the two primary and just characters are Bill and Betty. From the earliest starting point till the finish of the play one can see a progression of conversation starters, from a man to a lady sitting in a coffeehouse perusing. The lines begin short and quick with an identical short reaction from the lady. Like a fight, two individuals out on the town reliably skip around determined exposition between one another, attempting to make sense of the rivals â€Å"weaknesses. This thought shows itself in writing in such functions as David Ives play Sure Thing, a piece utilizing fast fire lines between a person and a young lady becoming more acquainted with one another. In any case, this topic isn't constantly pervasive in positive exchange, as in Tennessee Williams A Street Car Named Desire, Blanche and Stanley don't go out on the town or appreciate any sentimental discourse, however battle each other for incomparability of the house and Stellas fr iendship. Albeit a boxing musicality is being forced on Sure Thing, the diligent battling among Stanley and Blanche in A Street Car Named Desire can be deciphered to have a comparable mood. We will compose a custom exposition test on Second Chances to Make a Sure Thing explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Second Chances to Make a Sure Thing explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Second Chances to Make a Sure Thing explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Despite the fact that these two writings are apparently inverse in disposition and plot, the â€Å" boxing rhythm† spans this gorge through the cadence of the exchange between these characters. In Ives’ Sure Thing, a person, Bill, and a young lady, Betty, â€Å"duke it out† trying to become more acquainted with one another and, eventually, succumb to one another. So as to do this, they convey brisk jokes between one another, like the convulsive punches of a fight. Obviously, there is no noticeable or striking proof of boxing inside the content, however the musicality of the exchange can be gathered to impersonate the movements of a bout. The discourse is snappy, unequivocal and brief, like the hits and stages a fighter utilizes in a battle. There are a few inquiries rehashed also, as the person or young lady has, as a result, halted the beat and said an inappropriate thing. For example, in one vignette Betty gets some information about his affection life and the exchange is punctuated by the sound of a â€Å"bell† which further fortifies the boxing subject: Bill: That’s an exceptionally decent offer, but†¦ Betty: Uh-huh. Sweetheart? Bill: Two, really. One of them’s pregnant, and Stephanie-(Bell). Betty: Girlfriend? Bill: No, I don’t have a sweetheart. Not in the event that you mean the maiming bitch I dumped the previous evening. (Ringer). (Ives 13) In this selection, the exchange is speedy and concise, similar to the punches tossed in a fight. This couple takes â€Å"jabs† at one another through talk rather than physical punching. Each time a round is finished, the chime rings, representing an impasse for the exchange between the Bill and Betty. Proposals â€Å"rounds† are predominant in A Street Car Named Desire among Stanley and Blanche, regardless of not being a couple or commonly keen on one another. With the loft filling in as the setting for this â€Å"fight†, Stanley and Blanche box it out while the remainder of the characters are once in a while consigned to onlookers all through the story. Like Sure Thing, there is no substantial â€Å"boxing ring† or anything having to do with boxing. Rather, Williams infuses this musicality inside the discourse between these characters, making an expressive contrast of animosity, viciousness and infidelity. Actually, Stanley and Blanche drive the Streetcar Named Desire through the play, doling out bitterness, desire and doubt at one another. Blanche is a glamorized however frustrated lady. She makes creations and fabrications of a gaudy life around her to displace her genuine conditions. Stanley is the exemplification of machismo, keen on just the fundamental delights, which are corresponding to what a basic creature appreciates. Stella, Stanley’s spouse, is the middle person among Blanche and Stanley, however she at last bombs in keeping these two from verbal or, later, physical brutality. Basically, Blanche incites the â€Å"fight† by entering the condo and attempting to usurp Stanley’s rule, which is somewhat included Stella’s love and consideration. Without seeing Stanley, Stella quickly evaluates him and buys in to the possibility that the Polish areâ€Å" not really high-brow† (23). There is an exchange among Stanley and Stella about Stanley, expressing: Stella: Stanley is Polish, you know. Blanche: Oh, yes. They’re something like Irish, aren’t they? †¦Only not really highbrow? †¦Is he so-unique? Stella: Yes. An alternate species†¦He’s out and about a decent arrangement. Blanche: Oh. Voyages? Stella: Yes. Blanche: Good. I mean-isn’t it? (Williams 23-25) Blanche as of now tosses a â€Å"low punch† at Stanley’s validity without him in any event, knowing. She is considerably increasingly spurred by the way that he voyages at times, which could give her numerous chances to mope to Stella about her issues and gradually deteriorate Stanley’s control of the condo. All through the play, she keeps on pestering Stanleys characteristics, for example, calling attention to that she has not â€Å"noticed the stamp of virtuoso even on Stanleys forehead† (Williams 50). Be that as it may, Blanche has endured lost riches and of respect, even more motivation behind why she would search for comfort in her â€Å"precious little sister†, who is given the assignment of keeping up harmony between the two. Before Stanley is because of meet Blanche, Stella turns into a â€Å"referee†, asking her better half to â€Å"Try to get her and be pleasant to her†¦and appreciate her dress and advise her she’s looking brilliant. That’s essential to Blanche, its her little weakness† (Williams 33). Like any great arbitrator in a bout, Stella can foresee unsafe contact among Stanley and Blanche, so she has arranged a few â€Å"rules† for Stanley to follow. She has just advised Blanche to see Stanley as he is and to not differentiate him to other men. Since the principles have been advised to every contender, what is not yet clear in the play are the genuine punches tossed between these two enthusiastic characters. In the primary match between these two, Stanley stands up to Blanche about the archives of her lost bequest, Belle Reve. Be that as it may, Stanley begins by seeing the costly hides that are in Blanche’s bag: Stanley: It appears as though you attacked some trendy shops in Paris†¦What does it cost for a string of hide pieces that way? Blanche: Why, those were a tribute from an admirer of mine! †¦Oh, in my childhood I energized some esteem. In any case, take a gander at me now!.. I was looking for a commendation Stanley. Stanley: I don’t go for that stuff†¦Some men are took in by this Hollywood marvelousness stuff and a few men are most certainly not. Blanche: You’re basic, clear and fair, a smidgen on the crude side I should think. (Williams 38-40) Stanley starts to investigate Blanche about her advantages however Blanche counters with moving the center onto his crude side. She digs into his own life, examining each piece for something to hold against him. Blanche wins this round in light of the fact that she abstains from discussing Belle Reve, bypassing the issue by changing the center a few times from Stanley to her lost love. In centering through the forced â€Å"boxing† focal point utilized in Sure Thing, a creative viewpoint can be shaped. The boxing musicality is clear through the discourse, as Blanche and Stanley swing jokes to and fro at one another, which are equivalent to the little hits tossed toward the beginning of a battle. For this situation, the â€Å"bell† that splits up the battle is a mix of the hot blues piano outside and Stanley spilling out the news that Stella is having a child. The second round, however short, shows who commands the condo and Stellas love. While Stanley is playing a game of cards with his companions, Blanche chooses to turn on a radio. Stanley furiously turns it off, yet Blanche has the boldness to walk out on. Like a bout effectively a couple of rounds in, the two warriors go to and fro at one another until one of them can break the monotonous chain of â€Å"punches† and adopt an alternate strategy. Stanley hurls the radio out the window, and charges after Stella. Blanche is helpless as she is stunned at this presentation of â€Å"lunacy†. Stanley routs Blanche in this round on the grounds that he directs the beat of the house through controlling the radio. In a similar occurrence, he assumes responsibility for the match among himself and Stella, reminding Blanche who administers the loft. Any delight that Blanche could have appreciated in the loft is tossed out the window alongside the â€Å"radio†, the main other bit of proof of an outside world in the condo. Blanche has an inclination for music, so when Stanley disposes of th

The Universe According to Whitman Unity through Disjunction - Literature Essay Samples

Walt Whitman’s poetry contains many basic elements that come together to characterize his own stance in 19th century social and political thought. An analysis of Whitman’s â€Å"Song of Myself† and â€Å"I Sing the Body Electric† specifically highlight Whitman’s concern with the human body. Through these poems, the human body is continually glorified and eroticized by Whitman. However, Whitman’s focus on the body runs deeper than a physical infatuation, as these poems also establish the body’s connection to one’s soul. Another major characteristic in Whitman’s concern with the human body in these poems is his ability to universalize the human image, bringing the reader and poet into a single entity. This paper seeks to demonstrate how Whitman’s union of these highly connective representations of the human body allow readers a circuit to understanding Whitman’s own response to the social and political separa tism that characterized 19th century thought. Writing in an era of radical inequality, Whitman’s characterization of the body in these poems serves to promote a larger message of social and racial equality in a time period that worked to largely suppress both. Upon initial analysis of Whitman’s focus on the human body in â€Å"Song of Myself† and â€Å"I Sing the Body Electric† explicit descriptions of eroticism run prevalent. These poems place a large emphasis the juxtaposition of sensual yet sacred descriptions of human anatomy and sexual unions. I argue, however, that these striking images work to serve a larger purpose in Whitman’s message of a human unity and commonality that his poetry represents. For example, Whitman establishes a profound love and respect for the human body â€Å"I Sing the Body Electric,† stating, â€Å"[The body] of the male is perfect, and that of the female is perfect† (I Sing the Body Electric 10). This s entiment is also expressed in â€Å"Song of Myself,† as Whitman again uses sensuous terms to describe a sense of perfection that is found in every human body. For example, he describes a slave in one scene, stating, â€Å"His blue shirt exposes his ample neck and breast and loosens over his hip band, / His glance is calm and commanding†¦ / The sun falls on his crispy hair and mustache, falls on the black of his / polish’d and perfect limbs† (â€Å"Song of Myself 224-229). Descriptions such of this fill Whitman’s poems and it is clear that he puts a profound respect and admiration for the human form—regardless of sex or race. William White’s critical essay, â€Å"Walt Whitman’s erotic poetry: New as foam and old as the rock† agrees with this argument as he refers to to â€Å"Whitman’s cosmic view of love as a force which permeates all living things, which lends dignity and glory to the human body, and which unabash edly proclaims sex and procreation as the true Spring of the life-cycle† (White 654). Another example of Whitman’s continued emphasis on the glorified image of the human body occurs in â€Å"I Sing the Body Electric† in the linesThe man’s body is sacred, and the woman’s body is sacred; / No matter who it is, it is sacred; /Is it a slave? Is it one of the dull-faced immigrants just landed on the wharf? /Each belongs here or anywhere, just as much as the well-off—just as much as you; / Each has his or her place in the procession. / (All is a procession; / The universe is a procession, with measured and beautiful motion) /(â€Å"I Sing the Body Electric† 83-89). By Whitman’s focus on the body forming what he frequently describes as a sacred entity, he again draws the focus to a commonality that he claims is shared by all of human-kind by forcing readers to see the â€Å"larger picture:† a universe that supersedes physical d istinctions. â€Å"Do you not see that these [bodies] are exactly the same to all, in all nations and times, all over / the Earth? / If any thing is sacred, the human body is sacred† (â€Å"I Sing the Body Electric 123-125), Whitman later adds. This focus on an identical sacredness found within each individual supports an analysis that shows that a universality of all human beings exists outside of temporary physical restrictions, which are essentially meaningless in Whitman’s view of the universe. In addition, Whitman’s erotic undertones in his poems focus on a wide range of male, and female manifestations of love. In â€Å"I Sing the Body Electric,† for example, readers can find an explicit description of a male and female involved in a sexual act as the speaker states, Ebb stung by the flow, and flow stung by the ebb—love-flesh swelling and deliciously aching; /Limitless limpid jets of love hot and enormous, quivering jelly of love, white-blo w and / delirious juice; / Bridegroom night of love, working surely and softly into the prostrate dawn;/ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..This is the nucleus—after the child is born of women, the man is born of woman; / This is the bath of birth—this is the merge of small and large, and the outlet again / (â€Å"I Sing the Body Electric† lines 58-65). Lines such as these leave readers little question as to the substance that the speaker describes, yet they also operate on a deeper level than physical infatuation. It is Whitman’s focus on the necessity of sexual unions for the continuance of life that gives his erotic descriptions depth and a greater cause. â€Å"It is really a peculiar form of eroticism which begins with the miracle of all life, especially the human body, and which conceives of all forms of love as existing and expanding as the primal life force and as an indicator of the infinite pote ntial of the democratic ideal and the harmonious evolution of the universe toward ever-increasing greatness,† (White 651) adds White. Thus, a close look at Whitman’s writing demonstrates that the insertion of erotic scenes and description were not simply for the sake of themselves, but a mere piece to a larger definition of â€Å"love† that his writing sought to establish. By interpreting Whitman’s physical representation of sexual acts as the promotion of a higher ideal, readers can also understand the significance of the numerous homosexual descriptions that are found within his poetry. In â€Å"I Sing the Body Electric,† for example, readers are exposed to a scene in which â€Å"two lusty apprentice-boys† engage in an act of homosexuality. The speaker states, The coats and caps thrown down, the embrace of love and resistance, / The upper-hold and the under-hold, the hair rumpled over and blinding the eyes/ The march of firemen in their own costumes, the play of masculine muscle through clean/-setting trowsers and waist-straps, / (â€Å"I Sing the Body Electric† lines 25-30). Intense descriptive scenes of homosexuality such as this have prompted many critics to label Whitman himself as a homosexual. However, to analyze the text along the lines of Whitman’s promotion of human equality and â€Å"love† as defined as the materialization of all human interaction, it appears fitting to offer scenes such as this. Again, White’s essay agrees with this sentiment. It states, â€Å"[Whitman’s] intent seems to be to elevate love to a new level and to view it as symbolic of democratic equalitarianism. Admittedly, many of the poems stress the body, sex, and physical love as a part of nature and as a part of a life-style celebration. They depict more than mere passion†¦ almost all of Whitman’s poetry is a ‘love’ poem in the larger sense of the word’† (White 652-653). According to this translation, then, readers can make sense of Whitman’s various descriptions of homosexuality to bolster his theme of human equality. In a world where the spiritual and physical are almost merged, sexual unions take on a new definition; sexual barriers are no longer relevant. Building upon Whitman’s use of sexuality to deploy his personal message, Whitman also works through expressing the unity between body and soul and the enormous personal power this connection grants individuals. This message of unity is especially significant as it allows readers to expel traditional 19th century views of the physical distinction between races and sexes that worked to put one individual above another and instead turn to a radical response that ‘leveled’ the ground for all human beings. Both â€Å"I Sing the Body Electric† and â€Å"Song of Myself† focus on how people are inextricably one and the same—posing a message th at though our bodies may be different, it is the inherent connection to the human soul that creates equality. Stating, â€Å"Be not ashamed, women—your privilege encloses the rest, and is the exit of the rest; / You are the gates of the body, and you are the gates of the soul/ â€Å"(I Sing the Body Electric 66-67), Whitman utilizes females as an example of the connectivity between the body and soul to foster a unity and equality of human-kind, helping to bring down sexual barriers that so defined 19th century thought and practice. Adding to this concept, â€Å"Song of Myself† also works to elucidate Whitman’s combining of body and soul to create the sacred vision of humanity as it directly states this theme in the lines â€Å"I have said that the soul is not more than the body, / And I have said that the body is not more than the soul, / And nothing, not God, is greater to one that one’s self is† (â€Å"Song of Myself 1269-1271). Through Whitma n’s continued focus on the connection between the human body and soul, readers can gain a sense of unity that Whitman illustrates in every aspect of his poetry. â€Å"Not only are the body and soul completely equal† adds critic Arthur Wrobel in his essay, â€Å"Whitman and the Phrenologists: The Divine Body and the Sensuous Soul,† but â€Å"there is no essential distinction between the two† (Wrobel 20). As a result, it is this purposeful ‘non-distinction’ that works to promote a universal equality that Whitman sees in each individual.In addition to Whitman’s already inextricable link he has set between the body and the soul, I pose to argument that Whitman’s poetry also universalizes the poet himself to readers, and by implication, readers share and are receptive to his message. This universality of the poet again provides a message of the commonality between the poet and the masses, reinforcing the theme of a ‘shared†™ human spirit. As a result, this message of a â€Å"unique unity† through multitude decreases the importance of the racial, social or political divides that dominated this era. For example, Whitman immediately asserts this universal theme of a poet-reader identification stating â€Å"I celebrate myself , and what I assume, you should assume. For any atom in me, as good belongs to you† (â€Å"Song of Myself† 1-4) to alert readers that his thoughts are in essence theirs. By extending his words and ideas to invite readers to directly share the sentiment, Whitman’s message of the universal human body can take root. He later shows this notion in the lines, â€Å"These are really the thoughts of all men in all ages and lands, / they are not original with me, / If they are not yours as much as mine they are nothing, or next to nothing, /† (â€Å"Song of Myself 354-356). By assigning to readers a shared responsibility in his words, Whitman works not simply to express his theory of a physical and spiritual human unity, but ensures to readers that through this unity, they too are part of the claim. According to Wrobel’s article, â€Å"Whitman’s own vision of the universe†¦ stresses its underlying unity, a unity characterized by the exquisite adaptation of all its parts to form an orderly whole,† (Wrobel 18). In this sense, just as Whitman imagined and described a harmony in the physical anatomy between all human beings, this equality also expands to encompass his view of the universe at large.Whitman’s decision in both â€Å"I Sing the Body Electric† and â€Å"Song of Myself† to add lines that simply list parts of the human anatomy go into this concept that these parts, though unique in appearance, are universal. Inserting one of these anatomical lists in â€Å"I Sing the Body Electric,† the speaker describes shared â€Å"Strong set[s] of thighs, well carrying the trunk abov e, / Leg-fibres, knee, knee-pan, upper-leg, under leg, / Ankles, instep, foot-ball, toes, toe-joints, the heel; /† (â€Å"I Sing the Body Electric lines 146-150). In the ensuing line, Whitman directly adds his theme, stating, â€Å"All attitudes, all the shapeliness, all the belongings of my or your body, or of any one’s / body, male or female / . . . O I say, these are not the parts and poems of the Body only, but of the Soul, / O I saw now these are the Soul!† (â€Å"I Sing the Body Electric 147 – 165). Whitman’s crucial decision to end his poem on a sensationalized note of the universality of the physical body and the connectivity to the souls serves as a testament to his radical 19th century world view; it demonstrates unity in the face of what originally appear to be individual differences.Whitman’s writing again asserts the image of a universalized poet through his numerous direct statements that place himself not simply alongside th e reader, but within the reader himself. Claiming to be â€Å"the poet of the woman the same as the man,† and later stating, â€Å"I know every one of you, I know the sea of torment, doubt, despair and / unbelief/ †¦ I take my place among you as much as among any / The past is the push of you, me, all, precisely the same /† (â€Å"Song of Myself† 1113 – 1118), again, Whitman stresses the universal element to himself and his message. Through these lines, Whitman is asserting a commonality between not simply the poet and reader, but between the reader and the rest of society. Though Whitman’s poetry does not appear to send shock-waves to the modern reader, this idea of a â€Å"many in one† type of society in which human beings are essentially equal pieces in a larger functioning whole was a radical thought in disjointed 19th century society. According to Peter Simonson’s essay, â€Å"A Rhetoric for Polytheistic Democracy: Walt Whi tman’s ‘Poem of Many in One,† Whitman published Leaves of Grass at a time of national fracture, and â€Å"through poetic free verse, he hoped to do what traditional political institutions seemed incapable of doing: refresh the nation’s democratic faith and bind the many together as one† (Simonson 355-356). Thus, looking at â€Å"I Sing the Body Electric† and â€Å"Song of Myself† as cohesive wholes illuminates a much larger philosophical issue to address in universal human equality. Whitman calls upon readers to not simply recognize this, but take it upon themselves to find a place for the world’s variety. This, agrees Simonson, is a fundamentally democratic ideal (Simonson 369). His poetry was not simply an illustration of human equality, but through its establishment of a poet-reader unity, it became a direct plea that sought reader involvement.As was traditional in 19th century thought, there was an overwhelming concern with â€Å"the Other.† However, Whitman transcends this status quo through his poetry’s continued focus on what Simoneson describes as â€Å"the kaleidoscopic variety†¦ of the 1850s United States†¦ including those derided, despised or the subjects of disinterest† (Simonson 371). This exact sentiment is spoken almost directly by Whitman in â€Å"Song of Myself† in the lines, Not a mutineer walks handcuff’d to jail but I am handcuff’d to him and / walk by his side, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Not a youngster is taken for larceny but I go up too, and am tried and / sentenced / †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Askers embody themselves in me and I am embodied in them/ (â€Å"Song of Myself 952-958).Whitman’s statement of identification with criminals, those who are considered to be at the lowest wrings of society illustrates his poetry’s true appeal to all members of American society, no matter how marginal. As a result, both â€Å"Song of Myself† and â€Å"I Sing the Body Electric† can be read as a strong response to 19th century logic that work through â€Å"deepening our habits of tolerance and receptivity, and creating moments of contact and pluralistic commonality with the resistances that mark this world of the many† (Simonson 373). The fact that Whitman uses the human body to portray this point, especially during an era in which differentiation was so discriminated against supports the argument that he utilized the body as a tool for elucidating his deeper social message. Though an initial look at what Simonson has dubbed â€Å"habits of tolerance and receptivity†¦ and pluralistic commonality† the viewpoint does not appear different or in the least bit radical. However, Whitman’s decision to take on a world view that connects and equates all human beings and weave it into poetry during the late 1800s, the concept itself becomes completely new. In an American society based around physical differences, especially as applied to women and blacks, this message of the glorified and even eroticized individual is an extremely radical response to the events of the era. By delineating his focus to the human form—the splendor and beauty in each individual’s anatomy and the universal implications of sexuality—Whitman expresses his social stance in a unique way. The body, to Whitman, is the center of humankind’s important place in the universe, and to recognize the power of the body, one must recognize the soul. As exemplified in â€Å"I Sing the Body Electric† and â€Å"Song of Myself,† the body—regardless of how it looks—is connected directly to one’s soul, and it is through this that Whitman believes all human beings are radically equal. Through this ironic focus on the bod y—which was used to discriminate and divide during this period—Whitman is able to send a social message to this dissenting era: the undying equality shared by the human race.

Cultural Relativism Essay - 1398 Words

Cultural relativism, pioneered in 1906 by sociologist William Graham Sumner, introduces the idea that there is no universal code of ethics. In The Challenge of Cultural Relativism, written by James Rachels, Rachels explains and challenges the ideas presented by Sumner in cultural relativism. Rachels explains, Cultural relativism is the doctrine that all moral values derive entirely from individual cultural codes, and that there are no objective, independently correct moral values. In other words, there are no absolute truths about what is right and wrong because judgements of right and wrong are all relative to a given culture. Rachels starts by explaining how different cultures have different moral codes. For example, the Greeks†¦show more content†¦The arguments are as follows: Different societies have different moral codes. The moral code of a society determines what is right within that society; that is, if the moral code of a society says that a certain action is right, that that action is right, at least within that society. There is no objective standard that can be used to judge one society s codes better than another s. In other words, there is no universal truth in ethics; there are no moral truths that hold for all people at all times. The moral code of our own society has no special status; it is merely one among many. It is mere arrogance for us to try to judge the conduct of other peoples. We should adopt an attitude of tolerance toward the practices of other cultures. Rachels points out that these ideals may seem to be adequate at first glance, but may actually be contradictory of each other. Numbers two and five, for example, could contradict the other (Rachels 463). He also begins to talk about the form of argument that cultural relativists present. All arguments they present deal with appealing to our morality and tolerance, and the presentation of the argument does not actually follow the conclusion of the argument. He also points out that the conclusion may not necessarily be false, but it simply does not follow the premise presented initially. Overall, Rachels main problem with cultural relativism is that it does not have validShow MoreRelatedCultural Relativism Essay1702 Words   |  7 Pagessociety, cultural relativism is an acceptable theory to adhere to. A society is a collective group of people who are either figuratively or literally aggregated together. There are many societies, sub-societies, and communities that are overlapping. At the same time, every living individual in the world makes up an umbrella society or community that constructs the present-day society. In â€Å"The Challenge of Cultural Relativism,† James Rachels claims that there are consequences to accepting cultural relativismRead MoreMeta-Ethical Cultural Relativism Essay737 Words   |  3 PagesMeta-Ethical Cultural Relativism The thesis of meta-ethical cultural relativism is the philosophical viewpoint that there are no absolute moral truths, only truths relative to the cultural context in which they exist. From this it is therefore presumed that what one society considers to be morally right, another society may consider to be morally wrong, therefore, moral rights and wrongs are only relative to a particular society. Thus cultural relativism implies that what is good is whatRead MoreEssay on Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism667 Words   |  3 Pagescontrast ETHNOCENTRISM and CULTURAL RELATIVISM. Discuss how you have experienced OR witnessed both concepts in our American Society. Ethnocentrism is viewing your own culture as more superior than any other culture, that all other groups are measured in relation to one’s own. Ethnocentrism can lead to cultural misinterpretation and it often distorts communication between human beings. + while cultural relativism is the concept that the importance of a particular cultural idea varies from one societyRead More Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism Essay example506 Words   |  3 PagesEthnocentrism and Cultural Relativism Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism are two contrasting terms that are displayed by different people all over the world. Simply put, ethnocentrism is defined as â€Å"judging other groups from the perspective of one’s own cultural point of view.† Cultural relativism, on the other hand, is defined as â€Å"the view that all beliefs are equally valid and that truth itself is relative, depending on the situation, environment, and individual.† Each of these ideasRead MoreEvaluate †©Rachels †©Arguments †©Against †©Cultural†© Relativism Essay1682 Words   |  7 PagesPHIL1001 ESSAY Evaluate†©Rachels†©arguments†©against†©cultural†©relativism.†©Is†©he†©right†©to†©endorse†© objective†©moral†©realism? DINH NAM TRAN 308213904 Cultural relativism, as defined by the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. â€Å"Is the thesis that a person’s culture strongly influences her modes of perception and thought† Most cultural relativists add to this definition saying that there is no standard of morality. This means that morality is relative to the particular society that one lives inRead MoreThe Fundamental Claim of Cultural Relativism Essay example1270 Words   |  6 PagesCultural relativism is an axiom to which some individuals use to govern if an act is morally wrong or right. It is considered a subspecies of the theory of moral relativism as it essentially follows the same path but just considers a more narrow approach. Putting Schafer-Landau’s Argument from disagreement into context for cultural relativism, looks to disprove the theory, however I will demonstrate how it is flawed. Schafer-Landau’s Argument from disagreement states: P1: If well informed, open mindedRead MoreSocial Contract Theory and Cultural Relativism Essay2184 Words   |  9 Pages Thomas Hobbes’s social contract theory is minimally related to that of cultural relativism. Both deal with human nature and the search for peace. But while cultural relativism is in some ways a noteworthy theory, the social contract theory is the only one of the two that could logically work in an active environment. Cultural relativism theorizes that the best way for different societies to function together at peace is for them to recognize that each culture must be allowed its own systemRead MoreEssay on The Cultural Differences Argument for Moral Relativism1299 Words   |  6 PagesRuth Villagra The Cultural Differences Argument for Moral Relativism. Moral Relativism is generally used to describe the differences among various cultures that influence their morality and ethics. According to James Rachels, because of moral relativism there typically is no right and wrong and briefly states : â€Å"Different cultures have different moral codes.† (Rachels, 18) Various cultures perceive right and wrong differently. What is considered right in one society could be considered wrongRead MoreCultural Relativism Essay1108 Words   |  5 PagesIs cultural relativism good for our society? Cultural relativism is a belief where there are no absolute moral views or beliefs can be apply to all cultures, which makes â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† different in every society; what is considered â€Å"right† in one society may be considered â€Å"wrong† in another. Since no universal standard of morality exists, no one has the right to judge another society’s customs. If this belief is held true, then every culture will have their own set of â€Å"rules† to live byRead MoreCultural Relativism Essay938 Words   |  4 PagesULTURAL RELATIVISM 2 Introduction This paper aims to address several ethical questions, especially regarding Cultural Relativism which typically outlines why values and morals in human communities are deemed appropriate. Further, the paper discusses how cultural relativism is used to justify bribes in Mexico and whether this is ethical or not. Each country may view bribery under different societal conditions and circumstances. In most cases, nations with different cultural backgrounds will posses

Handmaid Character Analysis - 1475 Words

Throughout most of Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale, Moira is a character who refuses to be beaten down and conform to the new society that Gilead had created. She is one of only characters that is referred to by her real name, and this is because Moira never really becomes a Handmaid like the others. In lieu of the passivity that the other Handmaid’s come to have, she fights back against the new system. Her resistance can be seen not only in her attitude while she is a Handmaid, but in her two attempts at escape as well. Moira’s refusal to conform to the society that the Republic of Gilead created represents the rebellious spirit of humanity, as well as how an oppressive society such as Gilead can break even the strongest of†¦show more content†¦This didn’t change even after stricter rules were in place, as when Moira was first brought to the gymnasium she wore a blue sweatshirt along with jeans, along with sporting a short haircu t (71). Once the Republic of Gilead was formed, the pressure to conform to society’s new rules was harshly enforced. However, this didn’t stop Moira from continuing to rebel in whatever ways that she was able. She was the polar opposite of what the majority of the Handmaids were like, as all of the other Handmaids that have been introduced were seen to be very reserved and many had even accepted their new role in life. These characteristics were the exact opposite of Moira’s, with her attempting to escape two times during her stint as a Handmaid. After Moira was caught during her first attempt at escape, she was tortured severely. This was done by using steel cables on both the feet and the hands, since these were seen as non-essential parts of a Handmaid (91). Although she was caught quickly in her first attempt at escape, the beatings that she endured only fueled her desire to find a way out of this oppressive society even more. Along with her attempts at escape , she fought against Gilead in a more subtle way, by showing true solidarity among her fellow Handmaids. Although the Republic of Gilead was supposed to be about fostering this solidarity among women, in reality it made all of the women suspicious of each otherShow MoreRelatedThe Handmaid s Tale, By Margaret Atwood1629 Words   |  7 Pages Atwood s novel, The Handmaid s Tale depicts a not too futuristic society of Gilead, a society that overthrows the U.S. Government and institutes a totalitarian regime that seems to persecute women specifically. Told from the main character s point of view, Offred, explains the Gilead regime and its patriarchal views on some women, known as the handmaids, to a purely procreational function. The story is set the present tense in Gilead but frequently shifts to flashbacks in her time at the RedRead MoreThe Handmaid s Tale By Margaret Atwood1733 Words   |  7 Pages The Handmaid’s Tale Analysis The Handmaid’s Tale is a dystopian novel written by Margaret Atwood in 1985. Dystopian novels often feature societal norms taken to dangerous extremes. Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale contains each and every feature of a typical dystopian novel, though she prefers to refer to it as social science-fiction. Ideological and social conditions taken to extremes enforced by authoritarian regimes, social trends isolated or exaggerated, and stability being secured through impossibleRead MoreThe Handmaid s Tale By Margaret Atwood1744 Words   |  7 PagesProcreation is a driving force that manifests itself differently within the numerous characters in Margaret Atwood’s novel The Handmaid’s tale. Social classes are structured on the basis of child rearing, and sexuality is used as a tool to control the lives of citizens living within Gileadean society. People of different classes experience different motivating forces in relation to the goal of procreation rat her than simply continuing the civilization. The whole class system is also based entirelyRead MoreThe Novel The Handmaid s Tale 1191 Words   |  5 Pagesmaking them â€Å"handmaids† in the name of religion to cure the infertility of the population. The double entendre diction which exists throughout the whole novel adds subliminal hints on the charactarisation of the characters, such as Offred, and to the story itself, such as the religious political system that governs Gilead, which is a double entendre in itself. These different plays on diction proves the oppression of our main character and proves how powerful language can be. The main character of thisRead MoreMargaret Atwood s The Handmaid s Tale931 Words   |  4 Pagesconcept of gender becoming a multi- layered shifting hypothesis to which society is adapting. Since the 19th-century, philosophers and theorists have continued to scrutinize gender beyond biological and social interpretation. Margaret Atwood s The Handmaid s Tale captures the limitations and social implications forced upon a set gender based on societal expectations. Gender is a social construct that limits the individual to the restrictions and traditions of a society, or if it’s an individuallyRead MoreCritical Analysis : The Handmaid s Tale 1129 Words   |  5 PagesLidiah Zipp College English Critical Analysis Don’t Let the Bastards Get You Complacent Philip Zimbardo, an American psychologist said, â€Å"Bullies may be the perpetrators of evil, but it is the evil of passivity of all those who know what is happening and never intervene that perpetuates such abuse,† (â€Å"Philip Zimbardo Quotes†). In Margaret Atwood’s dystopian novel, The Handmaid’s Tale, a pair Handmaid’s called Offred and Ofglen, and a wife named Serena Joy, clearly exhibit contrasting examples ofRead MoreThe Handmaids Tale Essay1732 Words   |  7 PagesBrenda Guillen Professor XXX Class November 8, 2017 Then vs. Now, the Realities of of Atwood’s ‘The Handmaid’s Tale’ in Modern Day America The novel quot;The Handmaid#39;s Talequot; written by Margaret Atwood in 1985 is a fictional novel about Gilead, a place ruled by male religious fundamentalists who rape women labeled as handmaids to bear children for infertile wives. The society encourages the enslavement of women to control their reproductive rights. While Atwood’s novel depicts a fictionalRead MoreThe Characters of Women in The Handmaids Tale and The Bell Jar1504 Words   |  7 Pagesher profession. We are for breeding purposes. There is supposed to be nothing entertaining about us, no room is to be permitted for the flowering of secret lusts. We are two-legged wombs, thats all: sacred vessels, ambulatory chalices (The Handmaids Tale, p. 176). and I used to think of my body as an instrument, of pleasure, or a means of transportation, or an implement for the accomplishment of my will...There were limits, but my body was nevertheless lithe, single, solid, one with meRead MoreLiterary Analysis of the Handmaids Tale1863 Words   |  8 Pagesthey must learn to suppress their emotions and feelings. In the Republic of Gilead, the main character Offred is a handmaid, which is a fertile woman who is assigned to be a surrogate mother for a woman that is no longer fertile, but is wealthy in society. This occupation was not Offred’s choice as it is seen as a responsibility for a fertile woman to reproduce for the sake of society. Through the character Offred, Atwood demonstrates that if one chooses their own life over society then they will beRead MoreGilead Literary Analysis1885 Words   |  8 Pagesdiscrimination. Similar, the language Gilead uses in the text is a technique of rhetoric to justify and persuade characters into following along with its oppressive ideologies. Atwood also uses language to highlight the oppression of women while exploring the consequences it has on their identity. In the society of Gilead, women are defined only by their gender roles, such as wife or handmaid. The women of Gilead are stripped of their individuality when forced to be renamed and divided into functions

Hume Essay Thesis Example For Students

Hume Essay Thesis David HumeKnowledge is gained only through experience, and experiences only exist in the mind as individual units of thought. This theory of knowledge belonged to David Hume, a Scottish philosopher. Hume was born on April 26, 1711, as his familys second son. His father died when he was an infant and left his mother to care for him, his older brother, and his sister. David Hume passed through ordinary classes with great success, and found an early love for literature. He lived on his familys estate, Ninewells, near Edinburgh. Throughout his life, literature consumed his thoughts, and his life is little more than his works. By the age of 40, David Hume had been employed twice and had failed at the family careers, business and law. Occasionally, he served on diplomatic missions in France and other countries. Humes major work, A Treatise of Human Nature, was not well understood when first published, and received much criticism. The first two volumes were published in 1739, and the third in 1740. Immanuel Kant and other philosophers did notice his work and began respecting Hume for his reasoning. Later, he republished the first and third volumes as An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding, and An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals in 1748 and 1751 respectively. The second volume was used as Part 2 of Four Dissertations in 1757. During his lifetime Humes reputation derived from the publication of his Political Discourses (1751) and six-volume History of England (1754-1762), (Langley 415). David Hume discovered he was literary celebrity when visiting France in 1763. He retired to Edinburgh in 1769 and lived a happy life. He passed away August 25, 1776 and left in his will that he only wanted his name and date on his gravestone, leaving it to posterity to add the rest, (Langley 415). Skepticism is the belief that people can not know the nature of things because perception reveals things not as they are, but as we experience them. In other words, knowledge is never known in truth, and humans should always question it. David Hume advanced skepticism to what he called mitigated skepticism. Mitigated skepticism was his approach to try to rid skepticism of the thoughts of human origin, and only include questions that people may begin to understand. Humes goal was to limit philosophical questioning to things which could be comprehended. Empiricism states that knowledge is based on experience, so everything that is known is learned through experience, but nothing is ever truly known. David Hume called lively and strong experiences, perceptions, and less lively events, beliefs or thoughts. Different words and concepts meant different things to different people due to the knowledge, or experiences they have. He believed, along with the fact that knowledge is only gained through experience, that a persons experiences are nothing more than the contents of his or her own consciousness. The knowledge of anything comes from the way it is perceived through the five senses. Hume began to distinguish between feelings and thoughts. Feelings are only impressions made upon the body, and thoughts arrive from impressions; for nothing can be thought that has not been experienced. The meaning of ideas is more important than their truth. Belief results from ideas and assumptions, which are recollected from previous knowledge. Humes analysis of causal relation is that everything that happens beyond what is available to memory rests on assumption. Let us examine two cases: I see lightning and hear thunder; I see a rabbit and then a fox. The question is why I am right in concluding that lightning causes thunder but wrong in believing that rabbits cause foxes. Experience, in both instances, reveals an A that is followed by B, and repeated experiences show that A is always followed by B. While the constant conjunction of A and B might eliminate the rabbit-fox hypothesis, it is of no help in explaining causality because there are all sorts of objects, such as tables and chairs, which are similarly conjoined but not supposed to be causally related. Thus experience reveals only that constant conjunction and priority are sufficient but not necessary conditions for establishing a causal connection. (Langley 417)David Hume was a great philosopher. He was well known for his works and respected by the people of his time. His philosophical reasonings were written down to explain the unknown, to the people who know nothing but what they ha ve experienced. Today philosophers read his material and highly regard his theory of knowledge. Empiricists and skeptics are still improving upon his thoughts. According to David Hume, there is no truth, but humans must continue to seek it by constantly improving upon one another. His theories can be used by ordinary people to improve upon themselves and their culture. .uf49e1f98397737c7f8da9ccd7ef82c45 , .uf49e1f98397737c7f8da9ccd7ef82c45 .postImageUrl , .uf49e1f98397737c7f8da9ccd7ef82c45 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf49e1f98397737c7f8da9ccd7ef82c45 , .uf49e1f98397737c7f8da9ccd7ef82c45:hover , .uf49e1f98397737c7f8da9ccd7ef82c45:visited , .uf49e1f98397737c7f8da9ccd7ef82c45:active { border:0!important; } .uf49e1f98397737c7f8da9ccd7ef82c45 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf49e1f98397737c7f8da9ccd7ef82c45 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf49e1f98397737c7f8da9ccd7ef82c45:active , .uf49e1f98397737c7f8da9ccd7ef82c45:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf49e1f98397737c7f8da9ccd7ef82c45 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf49e1f98397737c7f8da9ccd7ef82c45 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf49e1f98397737c7f8da9ccd7ef82c45 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf49e1f98397737c7f8da9ccd7ef82c45 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf49e1f98397737c7f8da9ccd7ef82c45:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf49e1f98397737c7f8da9ccd7ef82c45 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf49e1f98397737c7f8da9ccd7ef82c45 .uf49e1f98397737c7f8da9ccd7ef82c45-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf49e1f98397737c7f8da9ccd7ef82c45:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Artificial Intelligence EssayWorks CitedLangley, Raymond J. The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Biography. 1973.Hume. Vol. 5. New York, New York: McGraw Hill Book Company, 1973. 415-17. Mannoia, V. James. Building a Christian World View, God, Man, and Knowledge. 1986. Rationalism and Empiricism. Vol. 1. Phillipsburg, New Jersey: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company, 1986. 268-71. The Philosophy of David Hume. 3 May 2000. http://www.angelfire.com/mi/markhelm/.

Problem Court Essay Example

Problem Court Essay Introduction The legal framework that is available in numerous societies is to a great degree multi-faceted in outline and made to permit equity in the assortment of circumstances that happens both in daily situations of people and the government. These multi-faceted legal frameworks come with various benefits and disadvantages. The comprehension of the internal operations of the legal framework assists people comprehends the planning, history and complex details that are included. The court framework is extremely broad and stretches out into an assortment of court types- and this makes it a great deal more viable. For example in The U.S The Federal Court Framework is tasked to act on issues relating to federal law. The U.S Supreme Court framework is the special case that cannot be abrogated as per the U.S Constitution. Benefits We will write a custom essay sample on Problem Court specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Problem Court specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Problem Court specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The general objective of the western legal framework is to give equity, settle disputes and construe laws inside a given nation. The benefit of current legal frameworks alongside what makes them complex in outline is their capacity to be connected to nations that are to a great degree expansive. Numerous western social orders have populaces that venture into the many millions, therefore a court framework that can be connected over this broad gathering of individuals is all the more helpful at giving equity. Staffing One case of an assignment said to be excessively tedious for a judge, making it impossible to attempt is assessing endless quantities of docs in camera;in some cases in the huge number of pages;to figure out if the benefit has been legitimately asserted. An additional one is a point by point, specialized work that might be important to get ready disclosure anticipates multi-faceted cases. Negatives Cases that are brought under the steady gaze of a sole judge regularly depend absolutely upon the judges watchfulness and conclusion making an adjustment of force that can once in a while prompt to unreasonable effects. Federal judges are basically designated for life in the U.S., which can make clashing interests, the same number of laws change through the span of a lifetime.

Sinking of the Lusitania - World War I

Sinking of the Lusitania - World War I Sinking of the Lusitania - Conflict Dates: RMS Lusitania was torpedoed on May 7, 1915, during World War I (1914-1918). Sinking of the Lusitania - Background: Launched in 1906, by John Brown Co. Ltd. of Clydebank, RMS Lusitania was a luxury liner built for the famed Cunard Line. Sailing on the trans-Atlantic route, the ship gained a reputation for speed and won the Blue Riband for the fastest eastbound crossing in October 1907. As with many ships of its type, Lusitania was partially funded by a government subsidy scheme which called for the ship to be converted for use as an armed cruiser during wartime. While the structural requirements for such a conversion were incorporated into Lusitanias design, gun mounts were added to the ships bow during an overhaul in 1913. To hide these from passengers, the mounts were covered with coils of heavy docking lines during voyages. With the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, Cunard was permitted to retain Lusitania in commercial service as the Royal Navy decided that large liners consumed too much coal and required crews too large to be effective raiders. Other Cunard ships were not as lucky as Mauritania and Aquitania were drafted into military service. Though it remained in passenger service, Lusitania underwent several wartime modifications including the addition of several additional compass platforms and cranes, as well as the painting black of its distinctive red funnels. In an effort to reduce costs, Lusitania began operating on a monthly sailing schedule and Boiler Room #4 was shut down. This latter move reduced the ships top speed to around 21 knots, which still made it the fastest liner operating in the Atlantic. It also allowed Lusitania to be ten knots faster than German u-boats. Sinking of Lusitania - Warnings: On February 4, 1915, the German government declared the seas around the British Isles to be a war zone and that beginning February 18, Allied ships in the area would be sunk without warning. As Lusitania was scheduled to reach Liverpool on March 6, the Admiralty provided Captain Daniel Dow with instructions on how to avoid submarines. With the liner approaching, two destroyers were dispatched to escort Lusitania into port. Unsure whether the approaching warships were British or German, Dow eluded them and reached Liverpool on his own. The following month, Lusitania departed for New York on April 17, with Captain William Thomas Turner in command. The commodore of the Cunard fleet, Turner was an experienced mariner and reached New York on the 24th. During this time, several concerned German-American citizens approached the German embassy in an effort to avoid controversy should the liner be attacked by a u-boat. Taking their concerns to heart, the embassy placed ads in fifty American newspapers on April 22 warning that neutral travelers aboard British-flagged vessels en route to the war zone sailed at their own risk. Usually printed next to Lusitanias sailing announcement, the German warning caused some agitation in the press and concern among the ships passengers. Citing that the ships speed made it nearly invulnerable to attack, Turner and his officers worked to calm those aboard. Sailing on May 1 as scheduled, Lusitania departed Pier 54 and began its return voyage. While the liner was crossing the Atlantic, U-20, commanded by Captain Lieutenant Walther Schwieger, was operating off the west and south coasts of Ireland. Between May 5 and 6, Schwieger sank three merchant vessels. Sinking of the Lusitania - Loss: His activity led the Admiralty, who was tracking his movements via intercepts, to issue submarine warnings for the south coast of Ireland. Turner twice received this message on May 6 and took several precautions including closing watertight doors, swinging out the lifeboats, doubling the lookouts, and blacking out the ship. Trusting the ships speed, he did not begin following a zi-zag course as recommended by the Admiralty. Upon receiving another warning around 11:00 AM on May 7, he turned northeast towards the coast, incorrectly believing that submarines would likely keep to the open sea. Possessing only three torpedoes and low on fuel, Schwieger had decided to return to base when a vessel was spotted around 1:00 PM. Diving, U-20 moved to investigate. Encountering fog, Turner slowed to 18 knots as the liner steered for Queenstown (Cosh), Ireland. As Lusitania crossed his bow, Schwieger opened fire at 2:10 PM. His torpedo hit the liner below the bridge on the starboard side. It was quickly followed by a second explosion in the starboard bow. While many theories have been put forward, the second was most likely caused by an internal steam explosion. Immediately sending an SOS, Turner tried steering the ship towards the coast with the goal of beaching it, but the steering failed to respond. Listing at 15 degrees, the engines pushed the ship forward, driving more water into the hull. Six minutes after the hit, the bow slipped under the water, which along with the increasingly list, severely hampered efforts to launch the lifeboats. As chaos swept the liners decks, many lifeboats were lost due to the ships speed or spilled their passengers as they were lowered. Around 2:28, eighteen minutes after the torpedo hit, Lusitania slipped beneath the waves approximately eight miles off the Old Head of Kinsale. Sinking of the Lusitania - Aftermath: The sinking claimed the lives of 1,198 of Lusitanias passengers and crew, with only 761 surviving. Among the dead were 128 American citizens. Immediately inciting international outrage, the sinking quickly turned public opinion against Germany and its allies. The German government attempted to justify the sinking by stating that Lusitania was classified as an auxiliary cruiser and was carrying military cargo. They were technically correct on both counts, as Lusitania was under orders to ram u-boats and its cargo included a shipment of bullets, 3-inch shells, and fuses. Outraged at the death of American citizens, many in the United States called for President Woodrow Wilson to declare war on Germany. While encouraged by the British, Wilson refused and urged restraint. Issuing three diplomatic notes in May, June, and July, Wilson affirmed the rights of US citizens to travel safely at sea and warned that future sinkings would be viewed as deliberately unfriendly. Following the sinking of the liner SS Arabic in August, American pressure bore fruit as the Germans offered an indemnity and issued orders prohibiting their commanders from surprise attacks on merchant vessels. That September, the Germans halted their campaign of unrestricted submarine warfare. Its resumption, along with other provocative acts such as the Zimmermann Telegram, would ultimately pull the United States into the conflict. Selected Sources PBS: Lost Liners - LusitaniaFirst World War: Sinking of the LusitaniaThe Lusitania

MSAT Compare and contrast three old testament kings Essay

MSAT Compare and contrast three old testament kings - Essay Example The first king of the united kingdom of Israel was Saul. Saul was born in 1079 BC, at Gibeah in Judah (History of Israel Kings, n.p). He was a farmer from the tribe of Benjamin, and was not expecting to be king of Israel because he was a Benjamite, the least tribe of Israel, and his family was the least of all the families of the tribe of Benjamin (1Samuel 9:20). Saul was a tall handsome young man (1Samuel 9:2). He was appointed the king of Israel when the Israelites demanded for a human whom they could physically approach and relate to (1Samuel 8:5, JKV). Saul reigned in the period between 1050-1010. David on the other hand was a heard boy from the tribe of Judah the Judah; David was born at Bethlehem in Judah. David was born in the year 1040, when Saul was the king of the united kingdom of Israel (History of Israel Kings, n.p). Just like Saul, David was not expecting to be the king of Israel because he was a little boy, and Saul was still in power as the king of Israel; David was t he youngest of the eight sons of Jesse and he was handsome (1Samuel 16:11-12). King David ruled Israel between 1010-1002. Un like King Saul and King David, King Solomon was raised in a royal environment and he was a prince; King Solomon was the son of King David (1 Kings 2:12). King Solomon therefore was destined to be king of Israel unlike Saul and David. But just like King Saul and King David, King Solomon was from Judah, he was born at Jerusalem in Judah. Solomon reined Israel between the years 970 -931 BC (History of Israel Kings, n.p). Having analyzed the historical background and the beginnings of kings Saul, King David and King Solomon, let us now look at how these three kings of the united monarchy of Israel were loyal and faithful to God. When Saul was appointed the king of Israel, he was loyal to God and God had destined him to liberate the Israelites from their enemies, the philistines (1Samuel 9:15,

Business ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Business ethics - Essay Example Each year, the company rates 20% of its employees below their requirements and ultimately, they were asked to leave the company (Jennings, 2009, p. 288). This rating system brought more harm to company than benefits. First, Enron’s rigorous performance evaluation standards and competitive environment resulted in a deceptive culture. Since employees began to have job insecurity, they emphasized only on how to make their performance look better. They ignored the ethical norms and began to focus on achieving their financial goals. Few employees started to cheat on their work. The only way to halt them was to cheat more. Very soon, every other person in the company was cheating and it became a prevalent conception since they were left with no choice and were also surrounded by those co-workers who were doing the same. This caused a deceptive culture of the company. Employees were evaluated on their ability to cheat. Second, such competitive environment led to covering of the mista kes and cheating, because employees seldom communicate with each other and were very un-cooperative. Employees were not encouraged to ask questions because asking question was considered as humiliating. In addition to that, they were also less willing to share information and resources because they were competing with each other. Therefore, in Enron, no one was asking anyone any questions and no one wanted to answer any questions. In this way, the employees of Enron began to ignore mistakes and errors and just focused on making their work look good. Such ethical problems had ripple effect and contributed to Enron’s ethical scandal. At Enron, both employees and executives behaved in an unethical and illegal manner since they were encountered with conflicts of interest. They all were self-interested and greedy. Major Causes of Enron’s Collapse After the fall down of the company, people started making its synonyms as corporate fraud and corruption. At one hand, the compan y contributed to charity with huge amount of money but systematically, on other hand, in 1990s, it swindled its financial statements along with an audit firm, named as Arthur Anderson. Enron’s method was systematic and creative. Its accounting practices and financial statements were not clear. For instance, the company made its practices of noting costs of those projects that have been cancelled as assets. Nevertheless, on other hand, there was no explanation as official letter, which states that the project has been cancelled. Such practices had ‘snowball effect’. Moreover, it has also created special reasons for raising profitability and avoiding taxes. It gave liberty to the management to hide losses and move currency. The CFO, Andrew Fastow was the mastermind behind the arrangement of all these practices. Such arrangements enabled him, his family and friends make millions of dollars at the cost of their stakeholders. Some of the actions of this reputable and responsible company were just like gambling. In the year 2000, the share price of Enron was at its peak i.e. at $90. Enron’s Executives already knew what was happening inside the company therefore; they started to sell their shares. On 5 March 2001, Article of Bethany McLean â€Å"Is Enron Overpriced?† further reduced the stock price of the company. She played a vital role in revealing the huge debt of Enron. Slowly and gradually, the stock price

Social Media Is Retarding Our Communication Skills Essay Example for Free

Social Media Is Retarding Our Communication Skills Essay Social Media is Retarding our Communication Skills According to Cara Pring, writer and author of thesocialskinny. com, as of May, 2012, 62% of adults use some form of social media. If you observe any post secondary classroom before instruction begins, you’ll see the majority of students engrossed in some type of social media. We have become more comfortable engaging in the digital world than we are with the people right in front of us. Social media has allowed us to become more connected yet, potentially, more disconnected than ever before. Social media is creating a generation of â€Å"over-sharers†. This need to over share can also create a dangerous environment. We have become very comfortable telling the world things, which in years past, would have been considered private information. Facebook allows you to check in at a destination or share vacation photos in real time. While this need to over share can seem harmless, we are unwittingly telling sinister people that we are not home or maybe that we are home alone. We are slowly losing our ability to determine what information to keep private and what information to share. Social media is creating a false sense of connection and an atmosphere of friendship. According to Cara Pring, in 2012 Facebook had 845 million monthly active users and there was an average of 750 tweets made per second. We are doing a lot of communicating but are we really saying anything of value. The more â€Å"friends or followers† a person has the more popular they may feel. Unfortunately popularity does not equate to friendship. Social media only requires us to have surface relationships and does not require meaningful conversation. True friendship requires investing in a relationship through quality time with open and honest face-to-face communication. As a society we have come to value frequent communication rather than meaningful conversation. In an article written by Susan per Danko for Forbes magazine, about 7% of communication is based strictly on words while the other 93% is based on nonverbal communication, also known as body language. The words â€Å"I’m fine† may not always mean that everything is okay. Having the ability to hear and observe non-verbal cues allows you to understand more clearly the meaning behind the words. An email, text message or tweet can never really replace a telephone or face-to-face conversation that allows you to receive these nonverbal cues. Taking the time to build relationships through meaningful conversation will create friendships for lifetime instead of just acquaintances for today. Social media has created a generation with an addiction to over sharing, a need for popularity and a desire for constant communication. This ability to interact with other people 24/7 has driven us to simply share information rather than requiring us to develop relationships. We have moved away from social gatherings with face-to-face conversations in lieu of chat rooms and instant messaging. I do not look forward to the day when we will never have to physically interact with another human being.

Ancient Mayan Civilization :: Pre-Columbian History Culture

Ancient Mayan Civilization The Ancient Mayan Civilization was built upon a rigid social structure based on their religious beliefs. They used a caste social structure in which divisions were based on wealth, inherited rank, privilege, profession, or occupation. Their beliefs were based on the fact that nature elements had the power to either help or harm. The Ancient Mayans used their social structure and beliefs to shape their daily lives. The Maya were a very religious people. They believed in many gods. All events centred around their religious beliefs. They wanted to stay in favour with the gods. In their belief system, the gods would bring the rain, heal the sick, bring plentiful harvests, and ensure the health and safety of the people if they were honoured. If the gods were angry, they would send drought, famine and disaster to the people. In order to keep the gods happy, they believed that a daily sacrifice of blood was necessary. They would open a wound and let the blood drip onto a paper. The paper would then be burned in an offering to the gods. It was believed that the priests could see the spirits in the smoke.Kings would also give blood offerings, which would please the gods. The Maya had a strong belief in the afterlife. When a king or nobleman died, the Maya people believed that he became one with the gods and would go to live in the sky with them. The Maya worshipped their ancestors as if they were gods. The dead were buried with food, tools, clothing, and whatever would be needed for their journey. Tombs were built to bury their rulers, and sacrifices and special funeral rituals were performed there. Religion was used to explain natural forces that organized the cosmos into an ordered place. Its ideological function was to comfort individuals, unify the society, justify wars, and to demonstrate the authority of ruling elites. At the top of the society were the ruler, k'ul ahau, his family, their retainers, courtiers, and priests. Others, including the most skilled and influential architects, merchants, and craftsmen were also part of the noble elite, providing their skills were useful to the ruler. In both the priesthood and the ruling class, nepotism was the prevailing system under which new members were chosen.Primogeniture was the form under which new kings were chosen as the king passed down his position to his son.

Cipd Hr

CIPD INTERMEDIATE CERTIFICATE – HR MANAGEMENT & DEVELOPMENT HAMMERSMITH CAMPUS Modules Credit Rating Wednesday Evenings (18. 00 – 21. 00) Sat/Sun Weekends (09. 30 – 16. 30) Wednesday Evenings (18. 00 – 21. 00) Sat/Sun Weekends (09. 30 – 16. 30) 26/01/13 27/01/13 2012 BIC Business issues and the contexts of human resources 6 26/09/12 03/10/12 10/10/12 17/10/12 24/10/12 HALF TERM 13/11/12CIPDEvent 14/11/12 21/11/12 28/11/12 05/12/12 12/12/12 CHRISTMAS AND NEW YEAR 09/01/13 16/01/13 23/01/13 30/01/13 06/02/13 13/02/13 HALF TERM 27/02/13 06/03/13 13/03/13 Flexible Study Day (10am – 8pm) 20/03/13 27/03/13 EASTER BREAK 17/04/12 24/04/12 Flexible Study Day (10am – 8pm) 01/05/13 22/09/12 23/09/12 09/01/13 16/01/13 23/01/13 30/01/13 06/02/13 13/02/13 HALF TERM 27/02/13 06/03/13 13/03/13 20/03/13 27/03/13 EASTER BREAK 17/04/13 24/04/13 01/05/13 08/05/13 15/05/13 22/05/13 29/05/13 05/06/13 Flexible Study Day (10am – 8pm) 12/06/13 19/06/13 26/06/13 03/07/11 Flexible Study Day (10am – 8pm) 10/07/13 2013 20/10/12 23/02/13 Core Modules 5DPP Developing professional practice Using Information in Human Resources Managing and Coordinating the HR Function 4 5IHR 4 13/11/12 CIPD Event 24/11/12 23/03/13 5MHR 6 05/01/13 06/01/13 20/04/13 21/04/13 5ELW Modules Employment Law 6 02/02/13 03/02/13 25/05/13 26/05/13 5HRD Contemporary Developments in HRD 6 3/03/13 24/03/13 22/06/13 23/06/13 Award – 3 credits; Certificate – 32 credits; Diploma – 44 credits CIPD INTERMEDIATE DIPLOMA – HR MANAGEMENT HAMMERSMITH CAMPUS Modules Credit Rating Sat/Sun Weekends (09. 30 – 16. 30) Sat/Sun Weekends (09. 30 – 16. 30) 2012 HRM Options 5RTP 5IOP Resource and Talent Planning Improving Organisational Performance Employee Engagement 6 6 27/10/12 28/10/12 24/11/12 25/11/12 26/01/13 27/01/13 2013 04/05/13 05/05/13 08/06/13 09/06/13 06/07/13 07/07/13 5EEG 6 Diploma options – 12 credits required from options above CIPD INTERMEDIATE DIPLOMA – HR DEVELOPMENT HAMMERSMITH CAMPUS Modules Credit Rating Sat/Sun Weekends (09. 30 – 16. 0) Sat/Sun Weekends (09. 30 – 16. 30) 2012 5ODS Organisational Design: Implications for Human Resources Developing Coaching and Mentoring within Organisations Meeting Organisational Development Needs Organisational Development: Implications for Human Resources 27/10/12 3 2013 04/05/13 HRD Options 24/11/12 3 08/06/13 5DCM 25/01/13 3 06/07/13 5MDN 26/01/13 3 07/07/13 5ODV Diploma options – 12 credits required from options above CIPD INTERMEDIATE CERTIFICATE – HR MANAGEMENT & DEVELOPMENT SOUTHALL CAMPUS Modules Credit Rating Tuesday Evenings (18. 00 – 21. 00) Sat/Sun Weekends (09. 30 – 16. 30) Tuesday Evenings (18. 00 – 21. 00) Sat/Sun Weekends (09. 30 – 16. 30) 2012 BIC Business issues and the contexts of human resources 6 25/09/12 02/10/12 09/10/12 16/10/12 23/10/12 HALF TERM 06/11/12 13/11/12 CIPD Event 20/11/12 27/11/12 04/12/12 11/12/12 CHRISTMAS AND NEW YEAR 08/01/13 15/01/13 22/01/13 29/01/13 05/02/13 12/02/13 HALF TERM 26/02/13 05/03/13 12/03/13 Flexible Study Day (10am – 8pm) 19/03/13 26/03/13 EASTER BREAK 16/04/12 23/04/12 Flexible Study Day (10am – 8pm) 30/04/13 22/09/12 23/09/12 08/01/13 15/01/13 22/01/13 29/01/13 05/02/13 12/02/13 HALF TERM 26/02/13 05/03/13 12/03/13 19/03/13 26/03/13 EASTER BREAK 16/04/13 23/04/13 30/04/13 07/05/13 14/05/13 21/05/13 28/05/13 04/06/13 Flexible Study Day (10am – 8pm) 11/06/13 18/06/13 25/06/13 02/07/11 Flexible Study Day (10am – 8pm) 09/07/13 2013 26/01/13 27/01/13 5DPP Core Modules Developing professional practice Using Information in Human Resources Managing and Coordinating the HR Function 20/10/12 23/02/13 4 5IHR 4 13/11/12 CIPD Event 24/11/12 23/03/13 5MHR 6 05/01/13 06/01/13 20/04/13 21/04/13 5ELW Employment Law 6 02/02/13 03/02/13 25/05/13 26/05/13 Modules 5HRD Contemporary Developments in HRD 6 23/03/13 24/03/13 22/06/13 23/06/13 Award – 3 credits; Certificate – 32 credits; Diploma – 44 credits CIPD INTERMEDIATE DIPLOMA – HR MANAGEMENT SOUTHALL CAMPUS Modules Credit Rating Sat/Sun Weekends (09. 30 – 16. 30) Sat/Sun Weekends (09. 30 – 16. 30) 2012HRM Options 5RTP 5IOP Resource and Talent Planning Improving Organisational Performance Employee Engagement N/A 6 N/A 6 N/A 6 2013 04/05/13 05/05/13 08/06/13 09/06/13 06/07/13 07/07/13 5EEG Diploma options – 12 credits required from options above CIPD INTERMEDIATE DIPLOMA – HR DEVELOPMENT SOUTHALL CAMPUS Modules Credit Rating Sat/Sun Weekends (09. 30 – 16. 30) Sat/Sun Weekends (09. 30 – 16. 30) 2012 5ODS Organisational Design: Implications for Human Resources Developing Coaching and Mentoring within Organisations Meeting Organisational Development Needs Organisational Development: Implications for Human Resources N/A 3 2013 04/05/13 HRD Options N/A 3 08/06/13 5 DCM N/A 3 06/07/13 5MDN N/A 3 07/07/13 5ODV Diploma options – 12 credits required from options above

American Revolution Research Paper - 1010 Words

American Revolution Research Paper The reason I chose the American Revolution as my topic was mainly because to me I thought it was very relevant subject to speak upon and not many of us have knowledge of how we even became the United States of America. Basically the American Revolution was one of many steps taken to develop our democracy type of government that we do have today. Also it tells about how the original thirteen broke away from the British harsh government taxes. To be honest I chose this topic simply because it was and I’ve done a report on this back in grade school. These are the causes that led up to the war (not the signing because its already prior knowledge) Proclamation of 1763 â€Å"On October 7, 1763, King George†¦show more content†¦As many American businesses engaged in credit sales with Britain, they were crippled when several financial crises gripped London in the 1760’s and 1770’s. These forced Britain merchants to call in their debts. Unable to generate any liquid form of currency, American businesses were frequently ruined and the colonial economy damaged. Outraged by these new laws and the Quartering Act which required colonial citizens to house and feed British troops, the American colonies began to systematically boycott British goods.†(1) â€Å"The Revenue Act of 1764 did not bring in enough money to help pay the cost of defending the colonies. The British looked for additional sources of taxation. Prime Minister Grenville supported the imposition of a stamp tax. Colonial representatives tried to convince Grenville that the tax was a bad idea. Grenville insisted in having the new taxes imposed and presented to the parliament. The parliament approved the tax in February 1765. The colonies responded with outrage. It was considered a â€Å"shocking act†.(2) The colonist considered the act unconstitutional, a tax had been imposed and they had no need to heed the taxes. The Virginia House of Burgesses was nearing the end of its session when word of the Stamp Act reached it. A young delegate named Patrick Henry introduced a Resolution which stated: â€Å"That the general assembly of the colony, together with his majesty or his substitute haveShow MoreRelatedThe American Revolution : A Concise History By Robert J. Allison Essay1405 Words   |  6 Pages In The American Revolution: A Concise History, by Robert J. Allison, the main thesis of the book is the American Revolution. Allison thoroughly describes not only events that took place during the war but the events that caused the war and its aftereffects. Allison discusses tons of key players who were a major part of the war that many were unaware of like John Burgoyne, Henry Clinton and several other generals and/or politicians who helped shaped the war. 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